Capital costs for bacterial biomass production will dependent upon the equipment requirements for storing,processing and handling substrates,sterilization or cleaning operation,product separation,recovery and drying,and local land,site preparation and con...[繼續閱讀]

    In the production of L-glutamic acid,two enzymes have been shown to play important roles:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PC,磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶),which catalyzes carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate,(草酰乙酸) and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KD...[繼續閱讀]

    Suppose the aim of a process is to manufacture 1000 tonnes of phenylalanine per year.Phenylalanine concentrations of 20g/L can be expected and the yield of phenylalanine from glucose is 0.13 g phenylalanine per g glucose consumed.Tyrosine (酪氨酸) is require...[繼續閱讀]

    The fermenter is constructed of a suitable grade of stainless steel,with butt-welded joints polished flat on the inner surfaces.Over-lapping joints are unacceptable since the resulting ledge causes an accumulation of spent culture,creating problems on sub...[繼續閱讀]

    Sensors may be on-line,that is connected to the fermenter installation or in contact with the process stream,or off-line,where a sample is aseptically removed for analysis.Common fermenter on-line sensors are used for physical measurement of temperature,p...[繼續閱讀]

    A modified aerated STR(Stirred Tank Reactor,罐式攪拌反應器),the Frings acetator(Frings 醋化罐),is used in vinegar production,In this design,air is drawn in and distributed via a high-speed hollow-body turbin rotor,connected to an air suction pipe. The aerator is se...[繼續閱讀]

    (1) Bench-top(工作臺)or Portable Autoclaves(手提式滅菌鍋)Bench-top or portable autoclaves are useful for sterilizing small items,i.e. bottles,a small number of 500 ml conical flasks(錐形瓶,三角瓶),automatic pipette tips(自動移液管吸頭),etc.Such autoclaves work on the same prin...[繼續閱讀]

    There are essentially four stages for gene cloning.1.Preparation of the Gene Cloning bacterial genes is generally achived from total chromosomal DNA preparations (“shotgun”cloning)by cleaving the DNA with a restriction endonuclease that generates fragment...[繼續閱讀]

    3. Transformation of Host Cells The ligated plasmid mixture is introduced into bacterial cells specially treated so that they take up DNA in a process termed transformation. In most cases E.coli is the preferred host with the advantages that calcium chlor...[繼續閱讀]

    Although mutagens can be classified into physical (radiation 輻射)and chemical sources,this is not of much relevance to the industrial geneticist. The main reason for choice will be the ability of the chosen technique to generate as wide a spectrum of mutan...[繼續閱讀]